Herrenloses Land could be occupied by the German sovereign State, which empowered Germany to exclude other States or polities from the territories. The acquisition proper was a symbolic act, such as hoisting the flag or raising border posts acts that symbolized the establishment of effective occupation of the territory. In terms of imperial expansion, however, Germany was often considered to lag behind. Despite native resistance and critical questions from the Reichstag, the German government continued the expropriation process. This lasted until 1899, when the Germans ultimately defeated the natives and the interior was definitely opened up to trade. In addition, the land was subjected to exploitative activities, i.e., mining, agriculture and construction. L. Gall, Bismarck: Der weie Revolutionair (Frankfurt: Propylen, 1980), 617. This ambiguity in the treaty text gave the German authorities non-specific discretionary powers. In exchange, compensation had to be paid. von Stengel, Die Rechtsverhltnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete (Tbingen, Leipzig: Mohr, 1901), 38. After it became clear that the private trade companies had failed to carry out their mandate properly, they were initially kept operational artificially, which was a thorn in the flesh of German financers. In addition to trade between Germans and African natives being precarious, the trading companies wanted to establish their own plantations on the fertile grounds. ), A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 17891914 (Malden, Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell, 2006), 401422; J.L. Kamerun - Wikiwand See G. Bansi, Die Gebietshoheit als rein staatsrechtlicher Begriff durchgefhrt, Hirths Annalen des Deutschen Reich (1898), 641692. 6 States of the German Empire - Wikipedia Four maps included in the bundle: - One black map. WebNigeria - Nigeria - Colonial History, Economy, People: After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Companys territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Togo-Gebiet und Biafra Bai, Nr. Reproduced in Zimmermann, Deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung, 232233. German policy left virtually no room for native property rights. web pages If Germany did not claim territories immediately, the chance to establish a firm German presence on African territory would be lost forever. Known as "Africa in miniature" it features French See C. Anyangwe, The Cameroonian Judicial System (Yaound: ceper, 1987), 26. Bismarck had had to yield to pressure exerted by German commercial merchants looking after their interests and whose political lobby could muster broad popular support. As to the argument regarding the violation of the 1884 treaty, the German government argued that dispossession was a sovereign right of each and every State. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse und internationalen Vereinbarungen, mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister, 18931897 (Berlin: Mittler, 1898), 249251. WebFind the perfect cameroon german stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. While these treaties stated protection as their purpose, in practice, as will be argued later, annexation was effectuated. Official Name. Verfgung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Ausfhrung Verordnung vom 15. Statthalter {m} more_vert. Plenty murder and plenty idol worshippers. As mentioned before, the chartered companies were unsuccessful at maintaining order. See also V. von Poser und Gross-Naedlitz, Die rechtliche Stellung der deutschen Schutzgebiete (Breslau: Marcus, 1903). Governor (United States Of particular interest is how the 1884 treaty was negotiated and concluded. Consequently, two types of problems arose, reflecting two distinct stages of territorial acquisition by treaty. WebDon't forget that Africa is big, really big, much bigger than it looks on the maps, because almost every projection tends to make temperate regions bigger than tropical ones, due to the difficulties of transforming a round shape into a 2d projection. This alliance even appealed to Britain and France to recognize the illegality of the German acts. It stipulated that German settlers were allowed to purchase Kronland from the Government provided that the land was used to erect buildings and provided that the requested area did not extend beyond three hectares. A Study in Treaty Making, Leiden, 1973, p. 43. In addition, colonies needed schemes to attract settlers from the motherland. WebKamerun war von 1884 bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg eine deutsche Kolonie.Die Leitung der Verwaltung lag bei einem Gouverneur und war, im Gegensatz zu den Kolonien Deutsch Eventually, the German understanding and interpretation prevailed and the native perspective disappeared from view. the German jurist Franz von Liszt (18511919) was less generous and argued that the scope of international law had to be interpreted strictly in the sense that it only applied to relations between sovereign States. Cameroon 4 When the German authority notified the British of this treaty, the British Embassy presented the British interpretation of the treaty and its conditions: the treaty was valid subject to the rights of third parties; former treaties of friendship and commerce remained in force; the land of the towns and villages remained the private property of the natives; the rulers continued to levy their dues as before; and the natives retained for the present their customs and usages. In return, the occupied land would fall under the sovereignty of the German Empire. Contemporary legal doctrine pointed to the impossibility of two sovereigns ruling one and the same territory and asserted that de facto control over the territory was exercised by the German authorities. Cameroon Association for Responsible Tourism (CAMAST Alexandrowicz added that [t]erritory acquired by the Company vested in the European Sovereign under whose law the Company was established. Ibid, footnote 72. Existing native laws and customs would be respected by the Germans, the Germans promised not to act contrary to native rules and taxes were to be payed to the native ruler (Article 3). 21 Unlike occupied Japan, Germany was stripped of its sovereignty and former state: after Nazi Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, four countries representing the Allies WebKamerun campaign Coordinates: 0352N 1131E (Redirected from Kamerun Campaign) The Kamerun campaign took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African While in both a Schutzgebiet and a traditional protectorate the protected entity officially retained its internal sovereignty rights, there are two differences between the two. See L. Elango, The Anglo-French Condominium in Cameroon, 19141916: The Myth and the Reality, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 18 (1985), 656673. British colonial policy was based on classic liberalism in that it used the method of indirect imperialism, implying that the flag would follow trade. Specifically, the chapter will first discuss the historical context of the German colonial venture in Africa, more specifically Cameroon (2). See Articles 34 and 35 of the Final Act of the Berlin Conference (1885). List of colonial governors of Togo The Germans were well aware of this legally doubtful way of acquiring title to territory and they therefore relied on constituting Schutzgebiete by concluding bilateral treaties with native rulers. One such standardized treaty was negotiated and concluded in the Bimbia area between the rulers of Bimbia, represented by their King William, and delegates of the two largest German trading companies on 11 July 1884. Von kolonialen Trumen, Kriegen und Abenteuern (Mnchen: Pendo, 2010); Mommsen, Imperial Germany; W. Mulligan, Restrained Competition: International Relations, in: S. Berger (ed. Chapter 7: German Cameroon - Brill per adult (price varies by group size) Private Qingdao Laoshan half day tour with one bottle of Tsingdao beer as gift. With an area of 475,650 km, the country is almost as large as Spain or slightly larger than the US state of California. An accumulation of political, economic and social considerations were the incentive for Bismarck to participate in the quest for African territory. In other words, the rulers requested that the territory be subjected to German sovereignty and that the proprietary rights of the natives to the land be respected. Rudin, Germans in the Cameroons, 401402. 10 Aug 1858 - 28 Mar 1887 British missionary settlement at Ambas Bay. ), Kolonialisierung des Rechts (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2001), 351. Legalization of documents. The decree empowered the Emperor to set the conditions for the appropriation of herrenloses Land and land inhabited by natives soweit das im ffentlichen Interesse notwendig erscheint. the trading companies lobby and internal social problems. He ensure that there's peace, security, and harmony in the entire region. As a result, for a number of years the Germans used a single treaty model to acquire African territory. After the British residing on the territory and rival European States had been notified, the Duala treaty was ratified and entered into force. der Statthalter noun. As a consequence of the Kronlandgesetz, the number and the surface area of plantations possessed by German individuals and companies increased exponentially in the 1890s, as many plots of land were granted under the Governors authority. C. Bornhak, Die Anfnge des deutschen Kolonialstaatsrechts, Archiv fr ffentliches Rechts, 2 (1887), 14. W.J. The territory was considered part of the German Empire and of the space over which the German State could exercise its sovereignty. Kamerun campaign 62 Cameroon was subjugated by the British and French and divided between them even before the war on the European continent came to an end. The French had to be kept out at all costs, even if Britain had to surrender territory to the Germans. WebThe old German colony of Kamerun had been divided between the British and French after World War One by the League of Nations. In the turmoil caused by the trading companies that primarily served their own interests, the interests of Germany as well as those of the individuals and peoples living in the overseas territories were neglected. 59 However, the provisions on the dispossession of natives it showed that this particular provision was just a formality which posed no real threat to German landowners in the Cameroons. on the Internet. The early explorations of the trading companies did not penetrate the real Hinterland of the colony. Reproduced in A. Zimmermann, Die deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung. 22 We wish to have your laws in our towns. A. Eckert, Verwaltung, Recht und koloniale Praxis in Kamerun, 18841914, in: R. Voigt and P. Sack (eds. Third, how could the German navy defend such colonies? Reproduced in Zimmermann, Deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung, 250. Nevertheless, some legal scholars pointed to the advantages of colonial law in the sense of creating opportunities and encouraging development: [C]olonial law not only defined the terms of domination and colonial exploitation; it also introduced new modes of conflict resolutions, notions of individual freedom, and modern property rights, and thus changed the structure of indigenous societies. First, Germany had no military infrastructure and means to acquire and protect foreign territory, and Bismarck was loath to make the necessary investments. Bill Feig, File / AP Photo. Kuma Ndumbe, Deutsche Kaiserreich in Kamerun, 118120. $215.34. From the 1840s onwards, the British had signed treaties with local rulers that emphasized trade and its benefits, the protection and organization of the territory, and the prohibition and suppression of slave trade. as was the Final Act of Berlin had stipulated, would henceforth be the criterion by which territorial claims of European powers in overseas regions were to be supported and assessed. See K. Schlimm, Das Grundstcksrecht in den deutschen Kolonien (Leipzig: Hoffmann, 1905), 2531. 65 in Cameroon However, the greater part of the Cameroons came under German rule by way of protectorate and Schutzgebiet treaties. WebHome Geography & Travel Countries of the World British Cameroons (191661) and French Cameroun (191660) In World War I British, French, and Belgian troops drove the Germany controlled the external relations and was able to exclude European powers and other foreign entities from the territory without having to establish a central and costly administration. In the second week of July 1884, a cluster of treaties was concluded between Germany and several native rulers. An indigenous court system tried minor civil and criminal cases but had no jurisdiction over Although the findings of the land commissions did not contribute to solving the problems that accompanied German land policy in Cameroon, they did put the land problems in the German overseas territories on the Reichstags agenda and were occasionally discussed, especially in the context of setting and adopting the budget and the ever increasing expenditure in the overseas territories. Erwerb, Organisation und Verlust aus juristischer Sicht (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2002), 8486. WebIn the early morning of Aug. 11, 1904, von Trotha ordered his 1,500 troops to attack. [] Daraus resultierte ein Staat, in dem Macht personengebunden blieb, und Recht ein Instrument, Gehorsam zu erzwingen. Non-State territory could be occupied and this rendered cession unnecessary; native habitation was irrelevant and title to territory could be acquired by occupation regardless. For the German text, reliance has to be made on a document in which Nachtigal reported Bismarck on the acquisition of sovereign rights from the Duala rulers under several conditions or reservations. Nigeria - Colonial History, Economy, People | Britannica Nachtigal was instructed to apprehend the coast between Bimbia and Cape St. John, hoist the German flag and declare that the German trading companies had signed treaties with the rulers. The right to levy taxes, the native rulers claimed, had not been conferred on the Germans by the 1884 treaty. Colonial law in Cameroon comprised a mixture of two legal systems, i.e., German-Prussian law and traditional custom-based native law. 31, as quoted in A. Kuma Ndumbe, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich in Kamerun. The first German Governor, Julius von Soden, in office from 1885 to 1891, divided the country into administrative areas. governor's In the 1880s, the call for colonial activities became stronger as German private trading companies applied to their government for an official mandate to acquire and rule African territory. List of colonial governors of Cameroon - Unionpedia, the concept Regulator {m} governor (also: gubernatorial, proconsul, vicegerent) volume_up. The German government had the competence to grant or refuse the right to property in land at its discretion. i (Berlin: Rtten and Loening, 1960), 92 ff. May 5, 2023, 7:00 AM. See Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), 2002, icj Reports 303. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and the US state of California.It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea.Cameroon's landmass is 472,710 km 2 (182,510 sq mi), with 2,730 km 2 (1,050 sq mi) of water.. Cameroon german Check out Cameroon history, significant states, provinces/districts, & cities, most popular travel destinations and attractions, the capital citys location, facts and trivia, and many more. On 11 September 1899, a peace treaty between the Fulani rulers and the Germans was signed. 80 der Vorstand ; das Direktorium ; der Schulbeirat. Getting out. C. Bornhak, Die Anfnge des deutschen Kolonialstaatsrechts, Archiv fr ffentliches Rechts 2 (1887), pp. Sovereignty was considered indivisible. State. authorized the German Governor to formulate the conditions under which land was to be acquired by Germans, which regarded both modes of acquisition: treaties with natives and occupation of herrenloses Land (21). A. Rger, Die Entstehung und Lage der Arbeiterklasse unter dem deutschen Kolonialregime in Kamerun (18951905), in: H. Stoecker (ed. Richardson, Crisis Diplomacy. The non-interference with existing and future property rights to the land was assured (3) and the rights of the rulers to collect taxes was acknowledged (4). cameroon gce ordinary level June 2020 history 1. Although Bismarck had aimed to use the chartered companies to control the acquired African territory and therefore had had to facilitate them, the interests of the German merchants clashed with those of the government. The Torschlusspanik fed the urge to strengthen Germanys international position. German politicians anticipated voter sentiments to gain support for a German venture on the African continent, especially by pointing out that the scramble for African territory had already begun, but so far only between Britain and France. This indeterminacy of territorial acquisition is well described by Eckart Rohde: Bis 1888 kam es vorwiegend im fr den Plantagenbau hervorragend geeigneten Gebiet am Kamerunberg zu einer Reihe unsystematischer Landerwerbungen, die teilweise auf der Grundlage von Kaufvertrgen, teilweise schlicht durch die Okkupation ungenutzten Landes vollzogen wurden. The question is whether these trading companies could conclude treaties with the purpose of acquiring sovereignty rights over Cameroonian territory. 47 Subsequently, the Germans imposed their land expropriation schemes, which to the Duala people was the last straw. Reproduced in Ardener, Eye-Witnesses to the Annexation of Cameroon, 58. Third, the financial burden of acquiring and especially ruling colonies curbed public enthusiasm for a colonial venture in Africa. "Kamerun und der Erste Weltkrieg (1914-1918)" - WorldViews - GEI See 1 of the 1903 Verordung. After the Berlin West African conference of 16, Bismarck opted for private commercial control by trading companies and never aimed to establish colonies, as the latter alternative required a complex administration and meant a heavy financial burden. InterNations Yaound Douala Event. Zanzibar gained its ), Festschrift zum 60. After his conversion to colonialism in 18841885, Bismarck acted quickly and forcefully. For personal experiences with the Duala war, see Ardener, Eye-Witnesses to the Annexation of Cameroon, 3140. Did Germany violate the law by failing to respect the sovereignty of the African ruler? Process passport applications. German interference with the self-government of the Cameroonian polities involved the enactment of legislation in which ultimate property rights to the land were granted by and to the German State, which implied the expropriation of natives. In response to the abuses and disorder, a Verordnung was issued at the end of 1894, which required that all land treaties, contracts, and other agreements between natives and Germans had to be publicized by persons who had been authorized by the Government to do so. Cameroon Governors 68 In view of this presumed threat to their rights, the German planters and large landowners asserted the absoluteness and inviolability of private land ownership: Die Plantagenbesitzer und Konzessionre, die den Kamerunern bedenkenlos den Grund und Boden geraubt hatten, sprachen jetzt als es um ihre Interessen ging, von der Heiligkeit des Privateigentums, das auch nicht mit Worten angetastet werden drfe. Social controls It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region.Home to Central Africa's largest port and its major international airport, Douala International Airport (DLA), it is the commercial and economic capital of Cameroon and the entire CEMAC region comprising Gabon, Congo, Chad, Equatorial It was centrally ruled by German authorities without any involvement of the African rulers. Webold bridge, former railway bridge, steel bridge over the river sanaga from the german colonial era, edea, littoral region, cameroon - colony cameroon stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Street sign indicating a street named after the city of Douala, Cameroon is seen on April 14, 2018 in Berlin, Germany. Recalling the stately story of 'the most historic house in Texas' The Atlantic 81 The development of administrative control over the Hinterland evolved gradually, accompanied by juridization, unification and centralization of German control over the territory. Majestt den deutschen Kaiser, ber das von ihm beherrschte Gebiet die Schutzherrlichkeit bernehmen zu wollen and, in his turn, the German Emperor guaranteed the native ruler Seinen allerhchsten Schutz. The protective character of the relationship was articulated in Article 9, in which the Germans promised to respect the natives bestehenden Sitten und Gebruche, not to act in contradiction of the Gesetze und Verordnungen ihres eigenen Landes verstossen wrde and to pay Steuern to the native ruler. Terra nullius comprised territory entirely lacking in public or private mastery. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Promises made in treaties with native rulers were no obstacle to the German policy of land appropriation and reallocation. New York: Peter Lang. Consequently, the Cameroonian inhabitants were dispossessed, expelled from their lands, and forcedly placed in reservations. The treaty itself was negotiated and concluded by the Duala rulers, represented by King Bell, King Akwa and King Dido, and four representatives of the German trading companies Woermann and Jantzen & Thormhlen, with Schmidt acted on their behalf.